1-3: Masculine Gender with -a at the end

1-3: A-kārantapulliṅga - Rāja
1-3: Masculine Gender with -a at the end - Rāja

A-kārantapulliṅgo rāja-saddo vuccate
The Masculine Gender with -a at the end
is illustrated with the declinable word Rāja: This form is given as Rājan in the modern grammars, but the Pāḷi grammarians normally give it as Rāja.⁰¹

singular:	plural:	case:
-ā	-āno	nomimative - paṭhamā
-ā -a	-āno	vocative - (paṭhamā)
-ānaṁ -aṁ	-āno	accusative - dutiyā
-ā -ena	-ehi -ebhi -ūhi -ūbhi	instrumental - tatiyā
-o -ino -ussa	-ānaṁ -ūnaṁ -aṁ	dative - catutthī
-ā -asmā -amhā -to	-ehi -ebhi -ūhi -ūbhi	ablative - pañcamī
-o -ino -ussa	-ānaṁ -ūnaṁ -aṁ	genitive - chaṭṭhī
-e -ini -asmiṁ -amhi	-esu -usu	locative - sattamī

Rājā aññataraṁ purisaṁ āmantesi Ud. 6-4.⁰² (nom. sing.)
The King addressed a certain man

Te bhoge Rājāno vā haranti MN 13; I, p. 86.⁰³ (nom. plur.)
Or Kings take their riches away

Daliddo puriso, Rāja, assaddho hoti SN 1. v. 419.⁰⁴ (voc. sing.)
Daliddo puriso, Rājā, assaddho hoti
The man who is poor, King, without faith

Brāhmaṇo Rājānaṁ Mahāvijitaṁ etad-avoca DN 5; I. p. 135.⁰⁵ (acc. sing.)
Brāhmaṇo Rājaṁ Mahāvijitaṁ etad-avoca
The brāhmaṇa said this to King Great Victory

Ete caññe ca Rājāno DN 20, v. 32.⁰⁶ (acc. plur.)
These and also other Kings

Yūpo Raññā Mahāpanādena kārāpito DN 26; III. p. 76. Forms like raññā can only be properly explained as being originally rāj + inā, with loss of the -i- vowel followed by assimilation: rāj-inā >> rāj-nā >> rāññā >> raññā (same principle applies to rañño below). For a different explanation see Geiger, A Pāli grammar § 92.⁰⁷ (agent. inst. sing.)
Yūpo Raññena Mahāpanādena kārāpito
The sacrificial post was made by King Mahāpanāda

Rājehi kārāpitā mahāvihārā (agent. inst. plur.)
Rājūhi Rājūhi and Rājusu below, which were given as the normal forms in the original, show assimilation to the -ar declension. ⁰⁸ kārāpitā mahāvihārā
The Great Monasteries were made by the Kings

Raññā mahājano sukhaṁ carati (inst. sing.)
Rājena mahājano sukhaṁ carati
Because of the King the people live happily

Bhagavā ākiṇṇo viharati ... Rājehi (inst. plur.)
Bhagavā ākiṇṇo viharati ... Rājūhi Ud. 4-5, near the beginning.⁰⁹
The Gracious one was living surrounded ... by Kings

Rājino This form is probably the original.¹⁰ paṇṇākāraṁ deti mahājano (dat. sing.)
Rañño paṇṇākāraṁ deti mahājano
Rājussa paṇṇākāraṁ deti mahājano
The people give a present to the King

Rājā va hoti Rājānaṁ, Brahmā va brāhmaṇānaṁ (dat. plur.)
Rājā va hoti Raññaṁ, Brahmā va brāhmaṇānaṁ DN 19; II, p. 250.¹¹
Rājā va hoti Rājūnaṁ, Brahmā va brāhmaṇānaṁ
He was like a King to Kings, a Brahmā to the brāhmaṇas

Raññā mahabbhayaṁ uppajjati (abl. sing.)
Raññasmā mahabbhayaṁ uppajjati
Raññamhā mahabbhayaṁ uppajjati
Raññato mahabbhayaṁ uppajjati
From the King great fear arises

Rājehi mahabbhayāni uppajjanti (abl. plur.)
Rājūhi mahabbhayāni uppajjanti
From the Kings great fear arises

Sabbā disā anupariyanti pacārā tassa rājino DN 32 v. 38.¹² (gen. sing.)
Sabbā disā anupariyanti pacārā tassa rañño
Sabbā disā anupariyanti pacārā tassa rājussa
The King's messengers go round in all directions

Ko ... imesaṁ dvinnaṁ Rājānaṁ mahaddhanataro? (gen. plur.)
Ko ... imesaṁ dvinnaṁ Rāññaṁ mahaddhanataro?
Ko ... imesaṁ dvinnaṁ Rājūnaṁ mahaddhanataro? Ud. 2-2, near the beginning. In Sanskrit there is a separate dual case which has been lost in Pāḷi, where the dual has been assimilated to the plural.¹³
Which of these two Kings has the greatest wealth?

Cattāro... abbhutā dhammā Raññe Cakkavattimhi DN 19; II p. 232.¹⁴ (loc. sing.)
Cattāro... abbhutā dhammā Rajini Cakkavattimhi
Cattāro... abbhutā dhammā Rajasmiṁ Cakkavattimhi
Cattāro... abbhutā dhammā Rajamhi Cakkavattimhi
There are four wonderful qualities in the Universal King

Rājesu mahājanā pana pasīdanti (loc. plur.)
Rājusu mahājanā pana pasīdanti
Yet the people have confidence in the Kings