Navapadamañjarī Home Page   Next Section

4-2: Aliṅgasabbanāmarūpāni - tumha
4-2: Genderless Forms of the (Personal) Pronoun - tumha

Aliṅgatumhasaddo vuccante
The genderless pronoun is illustrated with the word tumha

Abstract (for all three genders): As with the declension of ahaṁ above, the forms for these pronouns are complicated by being declined on a number of stems, one of which has three alternative forms: tumha, tuṁ taya/tvaya/tava.⁰¹

Sentences (masculine):

Tvaṁ pana puriso puññaṁ karohi (nom. sing.)
Tuvaṁ pana puriso puññaṁ karohi
You (masculine) must do a meritorious deed

Tumhe purisā puññaṁ karotha (nom. plur.)
You (masculine) do a meritorious deed

Taṁ pana purisaṁ puññaṁ kārāpeti (acc. sing.)
Tvaṁ pana purisaṁ puññaṁ kārāpeti
Tuvaṁ pana purisaṁ puññaṁ kārāpeti
Tavaṁ pana purisaṁ puññaṁ kārāpeti
He makes you (masculine) do a meritorious deed

Tumhe purise puññāni kārāpeti (acc. plur.)
Tumhākaṁ purise puññāni kārāpeti
He makes you (masculine) do meritorious deeds

Tayā purisena odano paccate (agent. inst. sing.)
Tvayā purisena odano paccate
Rice is cooked by (masculine) you

Tumhehi purisehi odano paccante (agent. inst. plur.)
Rice is cooked by (masculine) you

Tayā purisena ekacco jīvati (inst. sing.)
Tvayā purisena ekacco jīvati
Because of (masculine) you some live

Tumhehi purisehi ekacce jīvanti (inst. plur.)
Because of (masculine) you some live

Tava purisassa dhanaṁ deti dhanī (dat. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ purisassa dhanaṁ deti dhanī
Tavaṁ purisassa dhanaṁ deti dhanī
Tumhaṁ purisassa dhanaṁ deti dhanī
The wealthy man gives wealth to (masculine) you

Tumhākaṁ purisānaṁ dhanaṁ deti dhanī (dat. plur.)
Tumhaṁ purisānaṁ dhanaṁ deti dhanī
The wealthy man gives wealth to (masculine) you

Tayā purisamhā apeti yo koci (abl. sing.)
Tvayā purisamhā apeti yo koci
There is some one who departs from (masculine) you

Tumhehi purisehi apenti ye keci (abl. plur.)
There are some who depart from (masculine) you

Tava purisassa nāmagottādayo (gen. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ purisassa nāmagottādayo
Tavaṁ purisassa nāmagottādayo
Tumhaṁ purisassa nāmagottādayo
Your (masculine) name and lineage and so on

Tumhākaṁ purisānaṁ pariggaho (gen. plur.)
Tumhaṁ purisānaṁ pariggaho
Your (masculine) possessions

Tayi purisasmiṁ koci pasīdati (loc. sing.)
Tvayi purisasmiṁ koci pasīdati
Some person has confidence in (masculine) you

Tumhesu purisesu keci pasīdanti (loc. plur.)
Some people have confidence in (masculine) you

Sentences (feminine):

Tvaṁ itthī pi odanaṁ bhutvā gacchāhi (nom. sing.)
Tuvaṁ itthī pi odanaṁ bhutvā gacchāhi
You (feminine) having eaten the rice, must go

Tumhe itthiyo odanaṁ bhutvā gacchatha (nom. plur.)
You (feminine) having eaten the rice, must go

Taṁ itthiṁ puññaṁ kārayati puriso (acc. sing.)
Tvaṁ itthiṁ puññaṁ kārayati puriso
Tuvaṁ itthiṁ puññaṁ kārayati puriso
Tavaṁ itthiṁ puññaṁ kārayati puriso
The man makes you (feminine) do a meritorious deed

Tumhe itthiyo puññāni kārenti purisā (acc. plur.)
Tumhākaṁ itthiyo puññāni kārenti purisā
The men make you (feminine) do meritorious deeds

Tayā itthiyā pi dhaññaṁ bhajjate (agent. inst. sing.)
Tvayā itthiyā pi dhaññaṁ bhajjate
The corn was roasted by you (feminine)

Tumhehi itthīhi dhaññāni bhajjante (agent. inst. plur.)
The corn was roasted by you (feminine)

Tayā itthiyā dukkhaṁ pāpuṇāti koci (inst. sing.)
Tvayā itthiyā dukkhaṁ pāpuṇāti koci
Because of you (feminine) some will attain suffering

Tumhehi itthīhi sukhaṁ pāpuṇāti sāmi (inst. plur.)
Because of you (feminine) the husband will attain happiness

Tava itthiyā ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi (dat. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ itthiyā ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi
Tavaṁ itthiyā ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi
Tumhaṁ itthiyā ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi
The husband gives an ornament to you (feminine)

Tumhākaṁ itthīnaṁ ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi (dat. plur.)
Tumhaṁ itthīnaṁ ābharaṇaṁ deti sāmi
The husband gives an ornament to you (feminine)

Tayā itthiyā apeti yo koci (abl. sing.)
Tvayā itthiyā apeti yo koci
There is some one who departs from you (feminine)

Tumhehi itthīhi apenti ye keci (abl. plur.)
There are some who depart from you (feminine)

Tava itthiyā puttā pi bahavo honti (gen. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ itthiyā puttā pi bahavo honti
Tavaṁ itthiyā puttā pi bahavo honti
Tumhaṁ itthiyā puttā pi bahavo honti
There are many children for you (feminine)

Tumhākaṁ itthīnaṁ vatthābharaṇāni honti (gen. plur.)
There are clothes and ornaments for you (feminine)

Tayi itthiyā pana manaṁ patiṭṭhitaṁ (loc. sing.)
Tvayi itthiyā pana manaṁ patiṭṭhitaṁ
The mind is well established in you (feminine)

Tumhesu itthīsu pana manāni patiṭṭhitāni (loc. plur.)
Minds are well established in you (feminine)

Sentences (neuter):

Tvaṁ cittaṁ pana ārammaṇaṁ cintesi (nom. sing.)
Tuvaṁ cittaṁ pana ārammaṇaṁ cintesi
Your heart cognizes an object The translation from here makes it look like the forms indicate a possessive sense, but this is not so, it is simply that it is not possible to give a literal translation here.⁰²

Tumhe cittāni ārammaṇaṁ cintetha (nom. plur.)
Your hearts cognize an object

Taṁ cittaṁ saññam-esanti ye keci (acc. sing.)
Tvaṁ cittaṁ saññam-esanti ye keci
Tuvaṁ cittaṁ saññam-esanti ye keci
Tavaṁ cittaṁ saññam-esanti ye keci
There are some who seek perception in your heart

Tumhe cittāni saññam-esanti ye keci (acc. plur.)
Tumhākaṁ cittāni saññam-esanti ye keci
there are some who seek perception in your hearts

Tayā cittena kammaphalaṁ anubhuttaṁ (agent. inst. sing.)
Tvayā cittena kammaphalaṁ anubhuttaṁ
Action and result is experienced by your heart

Tumhehi cittehi kammaphalaṁ anubhuttaṁ (agent. inst. plur.)
Action and result is experienced by your hearts

Tayā cittena Buddhaṁ sarati sappuriso (inst. sing.)
Tvayā cittena Buddhaṁ sarati sappuriso
Because of your heart the good man remembers the Buddha

Tumhehi cittehi Buddhaṁ saranti sappurisā (inst. plur.)
Because of your hearts the good men remember the Buddha

Tava cittassa ovādaṁ deti koci (dat. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ cittassa ovādaṁ deti koci
Tavaṁ cittassa ovādaṁ deti koci
Tumhaṁ cittassa ovādaṁ deti koci
Some person gives advice to your heart

Tumhākaṁ cittānaṁ ovādaṁ denti keci (dat. plur.)
Tumhaṁ cittānaṁ ovādaṁ denti keci
Some people give advice to our hearts

Tayā cittamhā kho pana bhayaṁ uppajjati (abl. sing.)
Tvayā cittamhā kho pana bhayaṁ uppajjati
Fear arises from your heart

Tumhehi cittehi pana bhayāni uppajjanti (abl. plur.)
Fears arise from our hearts

Tava cittassa parivitakko udapādi (gen. sing.)
Tuyhaṁ cittassa parivitakko udapādi
Tavaṁ cittassa parivitakko udapādi
Tumhaṁ cittassa parivitakko udapādi
Thought arises in your heart

Tumhākaṁ cittānaṁ parivitakko udapādi (gen. plur.)
Tumhaṁ cittānaṁ parivitakko udapādi
Thought arises in your hearts

Tayi citte kho pana kusalacittaṁ patiṭhitaṁ (loc. sing.)
Tvayi citte kho pana kusalacittaṁ patiṭhitaṁ
Wholesome thought is well established in your heart

Tumhesu cittesu kusalacittāni patiṭṭhitāni (loc. plur.)
Wholesome thoughts are well established in your hearts

Iti Dutiyo Pāṭho
Such is the Second Lesson

Navapadamañjarī Home Page   Next Section