End Notes
1 from Buddhist Philosophy and Culture (Essays in honour of N.A. Jayawickrema), Colombo 1987, pp. 203 - 214, reprinted with the permission of the editor Prof. David Kalupahana.
2 H. Jacobi, ßÜber die Entwicklung der indischen Metrik in nachvedischer Zeitû, ZDMG 38, 1884, pp. 590-619, and ßZur Kenntniss der âryàû, ZDMG 40, 1886, pp. 336-42.
3 George L. Hart III, The poems of ancient Tamil: their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts, University of California Press, 1975 (= Hart).
4 Hart, p. 206, note 7: ßIt appears virtually certain that the Pàli gaõacchandas metres must have come from a southern source.û
5 Hart, p. 204.
6 There is sometimes a tendency in Jaina texts composed in the àryà metre to lengthen the final syllable, e.g. of 3rd singular indicative endings in -ai to -aã but since this is also found in the cadence of èloka pàdas where such lengthening is not required by the metre, it would seem to be a Jaina scribal idiosyncracy, and not the result of an attempt to conform to the classical àryà pattern. In any case, the lengthening of such particles as ca/ya, pi/vi, and ceva seems not to occur.
7 Hart, p. 207.
8 Hart, p. 9.
9 Hart, p. 206: ßIt seems to me that the dates which Warder gives for the first use of the new metres in Pàli are much too early.û
10 See Æ 3.l-9 below.
11 See Æ 4.1-6 below.
12 I use /Û/ for a short vowel, /Ü/ for a long vowel, and /Å/ for a vowel which is anceps (long or short).
13 Hart, p. 204, The statement is repeated on p. 206.
14 Hart, p. 204, note 5.
15 e.g. A.K. Warder, Pàli Metre, London 1967 (= Warder), ÆÆ 195-237.
16 Warder, ÆÆ 26, 121, 148.
17 Warder, Æ 119. There are a few examples of the alternation between /ÛÛ/ and /Ü/ in the cadence, e.g. Thã 379a; Sn 83c, 371c, 372c, 533b, 536d, 538d [Abbreviations of titles of Pàli texts are as in the Epilegomena to Vol. I of the Critical Pàli Dictionary (= CPD)].
18 See Warder, Æ 143 foll.
19 Warder, Æ 120. It is noteworthy that, even when verses are made by mixing vaitàlãya and aupacchandasaka pàdas, a prior vaitàlãya pàda is always followed by a posterior aupacchandasaka pàda.
20 See Warder, Æ 217 for Pàli (Dhp, Ud, Vv, Pv, and A, beside Sn, Th, Thã, Cp, Ap, S, Ja, and D). For Ardha-Màgadhã see L. Alsdorf, ßUttarajjhàyà Studiesû, IIJ VI, p. 111 (Såyagaóaüga, Uttarajjhàyaõa, and Dasaveyàliya).
21 Warder, Æ 117.
22 Warder, ÆÆ 18, 127.
23 Alsdorf, IIJ VI, p. 116.
24 Warder, Æ 152.
25 Warder (Æ 203, 225) follows Jacobi in supposing that the old gãti evolved from the vaitàlãya, but it seems necessary to assume a development from the vegavatã. It is, however, possible that Warder is using the term ßvaitàlãyaû to include vegavatã. Since Hart is suggesting an entirely different development, it is not surprising that he finds (p. 206 note 7) ßWarder's attempt to derive the Pàli gaõacchandas from what he supposes to be an earlier mattachandas ... wholly unconvincing.û
26 Alsdorf (IIJ II, p. 252) quotes Jacobi as noting that apart from the initial màtràs before the ßfifth gaõaû, the posterior pàda is identical with the prior pàda.
27 Warder, Æ 198.
28 H. Jacobi, ZDMG 38, 1884, p. 596; W. Schubring, âcàrànga-såtra, Erster ørutaskandha, Leipzig 1910, p. 60; L. Alsdorf, IIJ II, pp. 249 foll.
29 Jacobi, ZDMG 38, 1884, p. 596.
30 Alsdorf, IIJ II, p. 252.
31 In Mahàvira and his teachings, Bombay 1977, pp. 13-14 (where I called the metre ßold àryàû).
32 For Ardha-Màgadhi see Alsdorf, IIJ II, p. 250 (âyàraüga 1.9; Såyagaóaüga 1.4; Uttarajjhayaõa 8); for Pàli see Alsdorf, Die âryà-Strophen des Pàli-Kanons, Mainz 1968 (Sn 143-52; 915-34; M I 386).
33 For Pàli see Alsdorf, âryà-Strophen, p. 18 (Ja, Ud); Dr Mette has pointed out the existence of eight old gãti verses in the âvaèyaka-Cårõi (ßThe tales belonging to the namaskàra-vyàkhyà of the âvaèyaka-Cårõiû, IT XI, 1983, pp. 129-44).
34 For Sn see M. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, Calcutta 1933, pp. 92-93; for M see pp. 46-53; for âyàr. see pp. 435-36: for Såyag. see pp. 438-41; for Utt. see pp. 466-70.
35 For the Sattasaã we have: gãti (274), udgãti (598), upagãti (521, 593, 698). For Pàli we have: gãti (Th 91; Thã 216, 505), udgãti (Th 359), upagãti (Th 489, 587, 588, 589, 591).
36 W. Schubring, Worte Mahàvãras, Göttingen 1926, p. 3, says: ßVorlaufer der âryà ist auch der Veóha.û
37 In the Jaina canon they are found in the Samosaraõa of the Ovavàiya, Jinacariya, Nàyàdhammakahào, Samavàya, Paõhàvàgaraõaiü, and Såyagaóa; in non-canonical Prakrit they occur in the Vasudevahiõói; in Pàli they occur in the Kuõàlajàtaka; in BHS they are found in the Lalitavistara and Divyàvadàna.
38 Sanskrit varõaka; Prakrit vaõõaya. In Jaina texts they are used especially in descriptive compounds, which become stereotyped and are omitted in the later canonical texts, the word vaõõao being written where the compounds are to be inserted.
39 M. Winternitz, History of Indian Literature, Vol. II, p. 451 note 1: ßveóha is mentioned after gàhà and siloga, but it is not certain whether it here means a metre.û
40 Adelheid Mette, ßVeóhas in Lalitavistara and Divyàvadànaû, WZKS XVII, 1973, p. 31 note 56: veóho chanda-jàti; veóhàþ chando-vièeùàþ; veóha tti veèñakàþ - chando-vièeùàþ.
41 H. Jacobi, ßIndische Hypermetra und hypermetrische Texteû, Ind. Stud. XVII, 1885, pp. 389 foll.
42 Quoted by Warder, Æ 219.
43 Jacobi, Ind. Stud. XVII, p. 393.
44 Warder, Æ 219.
45 For the ßhypermetricû nature of veóhas whose gaõas are not a multiple of four, cf. the ßrhythm continuedû verses in Sn (see PJ II 642, 644).
46 Amulyachandra Sen, A critical introduction to the Paõhàvàgaraõàiü, Würzburg 1936, p. 10: ß... the weakening of the veóha rules must be supposed to separate our text from the `classical' veóha epoch ... the occurrence of a few instances of Gàthà [= àryà] brings our text to so late a stage in the veóha epoch as to synchronize with the beginning of the last stratum of metrical composition [i.e. those texts in which Gàthà (àryà) of the common form predominates]û.
47 V. Trenckner (Mil 426 ad 205,10) seems to have been the first to notice canonical prose in the Kuõàlajàtaka (the only Jàtaka in which prose occurs). H. Oldenberg also refers to the fact (JPTS 1910-12, p. 26 note 3), without acknowledgement to Trenckner. E. Leumann seems to have been the first to notice veóhas in the Kuõàlajàtaka, probably in 1910, although his observation was not published until 1934 (Übersicht über die âvaèyaka-Literatur, Hamburg 1934, p. 4 note *). Warder does not refer to veóhas in Pàli.
48 WB Bollée, Kuõàla-jàtaka, London 1970 (= Bollée), pp. 169-72.
49 Vedhas, no. 3, 4, 5, and 18 in Bollée's list.
50 Bollée, p. 167.
51 Bollée, p. 168.
52 Bollée, p. 168.
53 Warder, Æ 227, quoting Jacobi.
54 Alsdorf, IIJ, II p. 252.
55 Alsdorf, Thera- and Therã-gàthà, 2nd edition, London 1966, Appendix II, p. 234.
56 Warder, (Æ 228) rejects the idea of a musical ßrestû in favour of syncopation.
57 Warder, Æ 203.
58 Hart, p. 207.
59 A.K. Warder, /ntroduction to Pali, London 1963, p. 358.
60 Hart, p. 207.
61 See Norman, EV1, London 1969, pp. xxvii-xxix, and EV11, London 1971, pp. xxvii-xxxi.
62 Alsdorf, Thera- and Therã-gàthà, 2nd edition, London 1966, Appendix II, p.233.
63 ibid., p. 234.
64 ibid., p. 233.
65 Nett 1-5 (pointed out by Leumann, according to Nett pp. xxii foll.). The text is probably Northern according to àõamoli (The Guide, London 1962, p. xxviii).
66 e.g. Sv 1-2; Ps I 1-2; V 109-10; Spk 11-2; III 308; Mp I 1-3; V 98-99.
67 W. Schubring, Worte Mahàvãras, Göttingen 1926, p. 3.
68 L. Alsdorf, The âryà stanzas of the Uttarajjhàyà, Mainz 1966, pp. 5-8.
69 Hart, p. 207.
70 A.B. Keith, History of Sanskrit Literature, London 1928, p. 224.
71 M.A. Mehendale, Historical grammar of inscriptional Prakrits, Poona 1948, pp. 210-13.
72 See K.R. Norman, ßFour etymologies from the Sabhiya-sutta, Æ 7.1, in Buddhist Studies in honour of Walpola Rahula, London 1980, and Lüders, Beob., ÆÆ 88-115.
73 T. Burrow, ßSanskrit and the pre-Aryan tribes and languagesû, in Collected papers on Dravidian linguistics, Annamalainagar 1968, p. 325.
74 ibid., p.326.