Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary
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A. List of the Chief Books consulted for Vocabulary
1. Pali Books
1ª Canonical
Aṅguttara-Nikāya 5 vols. PTS. 1885–1900 (A).
Buddha-Vaṃsa PTS. 1882 (Bv).
Cariyā-Piṭaka PTS. 1882 (Cp.).
Dhammapada PTS. 1914 (Dhp).
Dhamma-Saṅgaṇi PTS. 1885 (Dhs).
Dīgha-Nikāya 3 vols. PTS. (D).
Iti-vuttaka PTS. 1890 (It.).
Kathā-Vatthu 2 vols. PTS. 1894, 95 (Kvu).
Khuddaka-Pāṭha PTS. 1915 (Kh).
Majjhima-Nikāya 3 vols. PTS. 1887–1902 (M).
Niddesa I Mahā° 2 vols. PTS. 1916, 17 (Nd¹).
Niddesa II Culla° PTS. 1918 (Nd²).
Paṭisambhidāmagga 2 vols. PTS. 1905, 1907 (Ps).
Peta-Vatthu PTS. 1889 (Pv).
Puggala-Paññatti PTS. 1883 (Pug).
Saṃyutta-Nikāya 5 vols. PTS. 1884–1898 (S).
Sutta-Nipāta PTS. 1913 (Sn).
Thera-Therīgāthā PTS. 1883 (Th 1) & (Th 2).
Udāna PTS. 1885 (Ud).
Vibhaṅga PTS. 1904 (Vbh).
Vimāna-Vatthu PTS. 1886 (Vv).
Vinaya-Piṭaka 5 vols. London 1879–83 (Vin).
1ª Post-Canonical
Atthasālinī, PTS. 1897 (DhsA).
Buddhadatta’s Manuals, PTS. 1915 (Bdhd).
Dāṭhāvaṃsa, JPTS. 1884 (Dāvs).
Dhammapada Commentary, 4 vols. PTS. 1906–14 (DhA).
Dīpavaṃsa, London 1879 (Dpv).
Jātaka, 6 vols. London 1877–96 (J).
Khuddaka-Pāṭha Commentary, PTS. 1915 (KhA).
Mahāvaṃsa, PTS. 1908 (Mhvs).
Mahā-Bodhi-Vaṃsa, PTS. 1891 (Mhbv).
Milindapañha, London 1880 (Miln).
Netti-Pakaraṇa, PTS. 1902 (Nett).
Pañca-gati-dīpana, JPTS. 1884 (Pgdp).
Peta-Vatthu Commentary, PTS. 1894 (PvA).
Puggala-Paññatti Commentary, JPTS. 1914 (Pug A).
Saddhammopāyana, JPTS. 1887 (Sdhp).
Sumaṅgala-Vilāsinī, vol. I, PTS. 1886 (DA I).
Sutta-Nipāta Commentary, 2 vols. PTS. 1916–17 (SnA).
Therīgāthā Commentary, PTS. 1891 (ThA).
Vimāna-Vatthu Commentary, PTS. 1901 (VvA).
Visuddhi-Magga, 2 vols. PTS. 1920–21 (Vism).
Note. The system adopted in quotations of passages from Pali text is that proposed in JPTS. 1909, pp. 385–87, with this modification that Peta-vatthu (Pv) is quoted by canto and verse, and Culla-Niddesa (Nd²) by number of word in “Explanatory Matter”.
2. Buddhist Sanskrit
Avadāna-śataka, ed. J. S. Speyer (Bibl. Buddhista III), 2 vols., St. Petersburg 1906. (Av. Ś.).
Divyāvadāna, ed. Cowell & Neill, Cambridge 1886. (Divy).
Jātaka-mālā, ed. H. Kern (Harvard Or. Ser. I), Boston 1891. (Jtm).
Lalita-vistara, ed. S. Lefmann, I. Halle 1902. (Lal.).
Mahā-vastu, ed. Ē. Senart, 3 vols., Paris 1882–1897.
Śikṣā-samuccaya. Ed. C. Bendall. St. Petersburg, 1902 [Śikṣ].
3. Translations
Buddh. Manual of Psychological Ethics (trsl. of the Dhamma-saṅgaṇi) by Mrs. Rhys Davids (R. As. Soc. Trsl. Fund XII), London 1900. (Dhs trsl.).
Compendium of Philosophy (trsl. of the Abhidhammattha-saṅgaha) by S. Z. Aung and Mrs. Rhys Davids, PTS. Trsl. 1910. (Cpd.).
Dialogues of the Buddha, trsl. by T. W. and C. A. F. Rhys Davids, London I. 1899; II. 1910; III. 1921. (Dial.).
Expositor (trsl. of the Atthasālinī), by Maung Tin, PTS. Trsl. 1920, 21.
Kathāvatthu trsl. (Points of Controversy), by Aung and Mrs. Rhys Davids, PTS. Trsl. 1915. (Kvu trsl.).
Kindred Sayings (Saṃyutta Nikāya I), by Mrs. Rhys Davids, PTS. Trsl. 1917. (K S.).
Mahāvaṃsa trsl. by W. Geiger, PTS. Trsl. 1912.
Manual of a Mystic (Yogāvacara), trs. by F. L. Woodward, PTS. Trsl. 1916. (Mystic).
Neumann, K. E., Lieder der Mönche und Nonnen, Berlin 1899.
Psalms of the Brethren (trsl. Mrs. Rhys Davids), PTS. Trsl. 1913.
Psalms of the Sisters (trsl. Mrs. Rhys Davids), PTS. Trsl. 1909.
Questions of Milinda (trsl. T. W. Rhys Davids), S B E. vols. 35, 36.
Vinaya Texts (trsl. Rhys Davids & Oldenberg), S B E. vols. 13, 17, 20.
4. Grammatical & Other Literature; Periodicals, etc
Abhidhānappadīpikā, ed. W. Subhūti, Colombo¹ 1883. (Abhp.).
Andersen, D., A Pāli Reader, 2 pts; Copenhagen 1901, 1907.
Aufrecht, Th., Halāyudha’s Abhidhāna-ratna-mālā, London 1861.
Brugmann, K., Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogerm. Sprachen, Strassburg 1902.
Childers, R. C., A Dictionary of the Pali Language, London 1874.
Geiger, W., Pali Literatur und Sprache, Strassburg 1916. (Geiger, P. Gr.).
Grassmann, W., Wörterbuch zum Rig Veda, Leipzig 1873.
Journal of the American Oriental Society (JAOS).
Journal Asiatique, Paris (J. As.).
Journal of the Pali Text Society (JPTS).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London (JRAS).
Kaccāyana-prakaraṇa, ed. & trsl. Senart (J. As. 1871) (Kacc).
Kern, H., Toevoegselen op 't Woordenboek van Childers; 2 pts (Verhandelingen Kon. Ak. van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam N. R. XVI, 5). Amsterdam 1916. (Toev.).
Kuhn's Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (K Z.).
Mahāvyutpatti, ed. Mironow (Bibl. Buddhist XIII) St. Pétersbourg 1910, 11. (Mvyut).
Müller, Ed., Simplified Grammar of the Pali Language, London 1884.
Trenckner, V., Notes on the Milindapañho, in JPTS. 1908, 102 sq.
Uhlenbeck, H., Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Altindischen Sprache, Amsterdam 1898.
Walde, A., Lateinisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, Heidelberg² 1910.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Leipzig 1847 sq. (ZDMG).
B. List of Abbreviations
1. Title of Books (the no. refers to the section of A) I have updated a few of these to more easily identifiable abbreviations (AJ).
A. Aṅguttara (1a)
Abhp. Abhidhānappadīpikā (4)
Ap. Apadāna (1a)
Av. Š. Avadāna-śataka (2)
Bdhd. Buddhadatta (1)
Brethren: see Psalms. (3)
Bv. Buddha-vaṃsa (1a)
Cp. Cariya-piṭaka (1a)
Cpd. Compendium (3)
D. Dīgha (1a)
Dāvs. Dāṭhāvaṃsa (1b)
Dhp. Dhammapada (1a)
Dhs. Dhammasaṅgaṇi (1a)
Dhs trsl. Atthasālini (3)
Dial. Dialogues (3)
Divy. Divyāvadāna (2)
Dpv. Dīpavaṃsa (1b)
Halāyudha: see Aufrecht (4)
It. Itivuttaka (1a)
J. Jātaka (1b)
JAOS. Journal Amererican Oriental Society (4)
JAs. Journal Asiatique (4)
JPTS. Journal Pali Text Society (4)
JRAS. Journal Royal Asiatic Society (4)
Jtm. Jātakamālā (2)
Kacc. Kaccāyana (4)
Kh. Khuddakapāṭha (1a)
KS Kindred Sayings (3)
Kvu Kathāvatthu (1a)
KZ Kuhn’s Zeitschrift (4)
Lal. Lalita Vistara (1a)
M Majjhima (2)
Mhbv Mahābodhivaṃsa (1b)
Mhvs Mahāvaṃsa (1b)
Miln Milindapañha (1b)
Mvu Mahāvastu (1a)
Myvut Mahāvyutpatti (4)
Mystic: see Manual (3)
Nd¹ Mahāniddesa (1a)
Nd² Cullaniddesa (1a)
Nett Nettipakaraṇa (1b)
Pgdp Pañcagatidīpana (1b)
Ps Paṭisambhidāmagga (1a)
Pug Puggalapaññatti (1a)
Pv Petavatthu (1a)
S Saṃyutta (3)
SBE Sacred Books of the East (3)
Sdnp Saddhammapāyana (1b)
Siks Śikṣāsamuccaya (4)
Sisters: see Psalms (3)
Sn Suttanipāta (1a)
Th 1 Theragāthā (1a)
Th 2 Therīgāthā (1a)
Toev. Toevogeselen (4)
Ud. Udāna (1a)
Vbh. Vibhaṅga (1a)
Vin. Vinaya (1a)
Vism. Visuddhimagga (1b)
Vv. Vimānavatthu (1d)
ZDMG. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (4)
2. General & Grammatical Terms
A in combⁿ with a Title-letter (e.g. DhA) = Commentary (on Dhp).
abl. ablative
abs. absolute(ly)
abstr. abstract
acc. accusative
act. active
add. addition
adj. adjective
adv. adverb
Ags. Anglo-Saxon
aor. aorist
appl. applied
art. article
attr. attribute
Av. Avesta
BB Burmese MSS
bef. before
BSk. Buddhist Sanskrit
C (& Cy) Commentary (when cited in explⁿ of a Text passage)
caus. causative
cert. certain
coll. collective
combⁿ, combᵃ, combined, combination
comp. comparative, comparison, composition
cons. consonant
corr. correct(ed)
correl. correlation, correlative
cp. compare
cpd. compound
dat. dative
den. denominative
der. derived, derivation
des. desiderative
dial. dialect(ical)
diff. different
dist. distinct, distinguished
E. English
e.g. for instance
encl. enclitic
ep. epithet
esp. especially
etym. etymology
exc. except
excl. exclamation, exclusive
expl. explanation, explained
f. feminine
fig. figurative(ly)
foll. following
form. formation
fr. from
freq. frequently, frequentative
fut. future
Gall. Gallic
gen. genitive
ger. gerund
Ger. German
Goth. Gothic
Gr. Greek
gram. grammar, grammatical
grd. gerundive
ibid. at the same passage
id. the same
id. p. identical passage
i.e. that is
i.g. in general
imper. imperative
impers. impersonal
impf. imperfect
Ind. Index
ind. indicative
indecl. indeclinable
indef. indefinite
inf. infinitive
instr. instrumental
interr. interrogative
intrs. intransitive
iter. iterative
Lat. Latin
l.c. loco citato
lit. literal(ly), literary
Lit. Lithuanian
loc. locative
m. masculine
med. medium (middle)
N. Name
n. noun, note
nom. nominative
Np. name of person
Npl. name of place
nt. neuter
num. numeral
Obulg. Old-bulgarian
Ohg. Old-high-german
Oicel. Old-icelandic
Oir. Old-irish
onom. onomatopoeic
opp. opposed, opposite
ord. ordinal, ordinary
orig. original(ly)
P. Pāli
part. particle
pass. passive
perf. perfect
pers. personal
pl. plural
pop. popular
poss. possessive
pot. potential
pp. past participle
ppr. present participle
prec. preceding
pred. predicative
pref. prefix
prep. preposition
pres. present
pret. preterite
Prk. Prakrit
prob. probably
pron. pronoun
pt. part
PTS Pāli Text Society
q.v. quod vide (which see)
ref. reference, referred
refl. reflexive
rel. relation, relative
sep. separate(ly)
sg. singular
Sk. Sanskrit
sq. and following
SS. Singhalese MSS.
ster. stereotype
suff. suffix
sup. superlative
s.v. sub voce (under the word mentioned)
syn. synonym(ous)
T. Text
trans. transitive
trsl. translated, translation
t.t. technical term
t.t.g. technical term in grammar
v. verse
var. variant, various
var. lect. various reading
voc. vocative
Wtb. Wörterbuch
Some additions have been made to the database, these are signed [BD = Buddha Dust] and [DPL = Childer’s Dictionary of the Pāḷi Language].
3. Typographical
*(s)quel indicates a (reconstructed or conjectured) Indo-Germanic root.
*Sk means that the Sanskrit word is constructed after the Pāli word, or as Sk. form is only found in lexicographical lists.
â: The cap over a vowel (e.g., ă) indicates that the ā is the result of a syncope (a + a → ă, e.g., khuddânukhudda), whereas ā represents the proper long ā, either pure or contracted with a preceding a (khīṇāsava = khīṇa + āsava). In the transcription this distinction has been unfortunately lost. Also note ṅ is not distinguished in the original print. ŋ is replaced with ṁ is this edition.
°: Represents the head-word either as first (°–) or second (–°) part of a compound; sometimes also an easily supplemented part of a word.
>: Indicates an etymological relation or line of development between the words mentioned.
~: and ≈ means “at similar” or “at identical, parallel passages”.
The meaning of all other abbreviations may easily be inferred from the context.
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Ānandajoti Bhikkhu,
July, 2025.
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